temple of literature là gì

Price: $154.01. This antique Dutch oil lamp possesses a brass burner and original wind glass lamp. The weight is approx. 1.3 kilograms standing at a 50×12.5 height. Buy this oil lamp here. 6. Scotty Dog Oil Lamp circa 1940s Scottie Dog Oil Lamp, Banner lamp burner, Westie oil lamp, Terrier Oil Lamp. Tên tôi là Phong. Sáng hôm qua, tôi đã đi thăm Đền Hùng ở tỉnh Phú Thọ. Tôi tới đó bằng xe buýt cùng các bạn cùng lớp. Ngôi đền nằm ở núi Nghĩa Linh. Nó đẹp hơn tôi mong đợi. Các bạn lớp tôi rất thích ngôi đền này. Temple of Literature, Hanoi. Coordinates: 21°1′43″N 105°50′8″E. Văn Miếu (Vietnamese: Văn Miếu, Hán tự: 文廟 [1] [2]) is a temple dedicated to Confucius in Hanoi, northern Vietnam. The temple also hosts the Imperial Academy ( Quốc Tử Giám, 國 子 監 ), Vietnam's first national university. The temple was built in 1070 Với dạng bài argumentative essay, người viết cần xác định rõ hướng giải quyết, không nên lẫn lộn và " nhập nhằng" giữa 3 hướng giải quyết, gây ra sự rời rạc, thiếu logic cho bài. Trên đây là bài viết chia sẻ cho bạn những thông tin chi tiết nhất về hướng dẫn The Sahara is the largest desert in the northern hemisphere, which is the top half of Earth. This desert covers most of North Africa. East of the Sahara, there are other large deserts, including the Arabian Peninsula, in Western Asia, and the Thar, in India and Pakistan. There are also deserts in Central Asia, the largest of which is the Gobi. materi bahasa indonesia kelas 2 sd semester 1 pdf. Located at the south of Thang Long citadel, about 2km away from Hoan Kiem Lake, the Temple of Literature Vietnamese Văn Miếu – Quốc Tử Giám is the very first stop-over for any tourist arriving Hanoi in the first time. Let’s visit this historical and cultural relic to discover the first university of Vietnam as well as reveal the Hanoians’ spirit of study in the past. Founded as a Confucian temple in 1070 by Emperor Ly Thanh Tong, this Văn Miếu complex was dated back to the earliest period, and the Quốc Tử Giám or National University, was established in 1076 within this temple to educate Vietnam’s mandarin class. It’s proudly that there were up to 2,313 doctors graduated from here during 700 years 1076 ~ 1779 in the past time. Nowadays, this ancient Confucian sanctuary is now considered as one of Hanoi’s finest historical and cultural sites. The temple is based on Confucius’ birthplace at Qufu in the Chinese province of Shandong. It consists of five courtyards, with three paths that run through the length of the complex. The centre path was reserved for the King only while the left path is for administrative Mandarins and the right path is for military Mandarins. With total area of 54, 331m2, the Temple complex is featured by the lake, the garden and the interior. Try not to miss the whole 5 parts of the interior as below First part start form the entrance gate to the Đại Trung house with tiled roof. Second part start form Đại Trung house to pavilion Khuê Văn Các – a unique architectural works and also the symbol of Hanoi history. Khuê Văn Các was built in 1805 with the basement composited by four brick pillars while the upper stairs are in wooden architecture, having round windows in all four directions. Third part This is the most interesting part where you would see two houses of steles with 82 steles of doctors set up since 1484 until 1780. In fact, names and hometown of 1304 doctors of 82 examinations were carved on the steles. However, due to the corrosion of time and war, not much of this information can be read clearly on the steles nowadays. They also recorded the mandarins who were tasked with organizing the exams. It used to be common to rub the stone turtles’ heads, but now there is a fence that is meant to prevent people from doing this in order to preserve the turtles. Fourth part the ceremonial part. On each side of the courtyard stand two halls. Their original purpose was to worship the seventy-two most honored disciples of Confucius and Chu Van An a rector of the Imperial Academy. In the centre of the fourth courtyard is the House of Ceremonies Đại Bái Đường. The next building is the Thượng Điện, where Confucius and his four closest disciples Yanhui, Zengshen, Zisi and Mencius are worshipped. The sanctuary also hosts altars to ten honored philosophers. You will find a small museum displays ink wells, pens, books and personal artifacts belonging to some of the students that studied at the temple. Fifth part Thái Học zone which was the old Quốc Tử Giám in the past – the first national university of Vietnam. In early 19th century, the Nguyen Dynasty moved Quốc Tử Giám into Hue province and built the Khai Thanh temple there to worship parents of Confucius. Today, though having gone through lots of restoration work, the temple still retains its very first original shape, to be one of the most visit-worthy sightseeing of Hanoi, captivating to a huge number of tourists elsewhere. Thanks to its peaceful space, green trees and solemnity covers the whole temple of historical and traditional love for study, making tourists feel like they were lost in a land of Confucian and traditional values. If you are in Hanoi, you should really come and explore it yourself! Good to know The entrance fee for the complex is 30,000 VND about $ Opening hours 730 to 1800 every day. First public on 04 Feb 2013, Update on 31 Dec 2018 I live in Hanoi and used to be a free tour guide for foreign visitors when i was students so I wrote this post to help visitors more understand about the city and the temple. This post is key points or summary about history, meaning of symbols and structures of Temple of Literature in Hanoi, Vietnam. Thanks to Hanoikids org for such valuable information and experience. About Hanoikids is a FREE tour-guide org for foreign visitors who come to Hanoi, Vietnam. Their purposes are to introduce the beauty of city to visitors and to practice their English in exchange. They are all students and their service is totally free. You can book their tour-guide service in Hanoi on their website The contents are in order from the entrance to the last parts of the temple. General information about history of city * Brief introduction about Hanoi – the capital of one-thousand-year history – Before the year 1010, the capital was Hoa Lu 100 km South of Hanoi, Vietnam. At that time, we got our independence after 1000 years under the Chinese domination; it was a military capital – surrounded by the Limestone mountains. – The country was getting richer and more powerful; needed a bigger capital. In 1010, king Ly Thai To decided to moved the capital to another place – with central location and convenience for farming and trading. – The legend of Ascending Dragon while the King was sailing along the Red river, he saw a golden dragon ascending from the riverside – a good omen for the country; he decided to choose this dragon’s land as the capital city, and named it as Ascending Dragon city Thăng Long. – Since then, there have been many palaces, pagodas and temple built inside the capital citadel. Due to the war time and historical changes, there are not many of them left nowadays. – The name Hanoi appeared in 1831 after the capital was moved to Hue by the Nguyen Dynasty the last dynasty. Ha means River and Noi means the Inside, so Hanoi means the city embraced by the Red river. – When the French took over Vietnam by the end of the 19th century, they destroyed many ancient architectures and replaced with the modern one. This temple was luckily reserved as memorial feudalism in Vietnam. – In 1945 Hanoi was again chosen to be capital by Ho Chi Minh’s government after defeating the French army. * When was Temple of Literature built? By whom and dedicated to whom? This temple was built in 1070 by king Ly Thanh Tong to worship Confucius and also to be a quiet place for the crown prince’s studying. Confucius was a Chinese teacher and his philosophy was famous and popular in Vietnam at that time, that’s reason why the temple is to worship him. * Who’s Confucius? What’s Confucianism? Why Confucianism was important in the feudalism? – Confucius is a Chinese teacher who founded Confucianism. – Confucianism is not a religion but a way of thought based on a temporal world. The Great Confucian virtue is how to behave as a good human being to follow the rules of life and act correctly by their social status and the only way to have a higher class is by studying and successful in the royal exam. – According to the Confucius’s theory, man is more appreciated than woman, and the most important man in one country is the king. The king is considered to be the Heaven’s son so all people have to respect him and follow his orders without any discussion. This rule made Confucianism became the foundation of feudalism of every Asian countries and Confucius were worshiped by every kings. * Why the king named it temple of LITERATURE not math or philosophy? Because in the ancient time, when people followed the Confucian educational system, Literature was everything they have to study on. The natural sciences such as mathematics, chemical, physics… were not mentioned, the schools program only included the Confucian classics, philosophy, literature, history, and students must learn how to compose poems, royal essays. * There was a school in the Temple. What was the school built for? By whom and for whom? – In 1076 when the crown prince became a king, he ordered to build the Quoc Tu Giam or The school for the nation’s sons at the rear of this temple. Quoc = national; Tu = son; Giam = school. – It became the 1st university of the whole country, which was firstly opened for members of the royal family and sons of the mandarin and then later, opened to all talented students. * Why are there so many Chinese characters in this temple? Is this language similar to Vietnamese one? How was the Latin system introduced into Vietnam language? – Because in the ancient time, we only had our own oral language and didn’t have the written one. In the time of feudalism, we had to use Chinese characters for our writing system. So in all ancient architecture, we used Chinese characters as a kind of decoration. – The present written language was invented in 16th century, when there were a couple of Catholic missionaries came to Vietnam, and they had to think of an easy way to transform the Catholic theory and introduced it to Vietnam. Under the French domination, this writing system was developed and promoted through the whole country. 2. The Entrance Gate Dismounted stelae; bia Hạ Mã Normally, the King and mandarins sat inside palanquins or on the back of horses, but when they reached these stelae, both of them had to dismounted and walked on their feet to enter the temple, no exception, even the King. This action was set up to show respects to literature, and how important literature took part in residents’ lifestyle at that time. * Panoramic diagram of the temple How many sections, why there are more than one section? The meaning of in the oriental culture and Confucianism? – The temple’s architecture is divided into five courtyards, it helps you separate yourself and cool down your soul whist walking deep inside the temple. – On the other hand, in Confucianism, the number five is a sacred number • There’re five basic elements created the world metal, wood, water, fire, earth. • There’re 5 virtues a gentleman must have humanity nhân, righteousness lễ, civility nghĩa, knowledge trí and loyalty tín. • There’re 5 basic relationships of society king and subjects, father and son, husband and wife, brothers, friends. *How was it run in the ancient time? – Originally, in the ancient time, this Temple was the most sacred one in Hanoi and was opened just twice per year, in Spring and Autumn festival. Only the king and his followers could walk into the temple and they made some ceremonies dedicated to Confucius. The King would take the entrance path while all mandarins military and civil mandarins would take the smaller ones on the left and the right side. Soldiers were not allowed to enter the Temple – By the end of 17th century, the capital was moved to Hue by Nguyen dynasty – the last dynasty of Vietnamese feudalism. King Nguyen also removed a lot of royal palaces in Hanoi and transferred to Hue. Finally, they decided to destroyed the imperial wall citadel and used these bricks to built a wall surrounded this temple, turned it into the last reminder of former royal families in Hanoi. 3. The Middle Gate * The meaning of symbol Two carps with one jar? – It symbolizes the hard way of students who want to be mandarin of the country. According to an old story, when carps want to change themselves to dragons, they have to pass an arch- shaped rock waterfall during the violent tide. – It’s also similar to students who succeeded in passing through the examinations while this little jar stands for the holy knowledge and the purity of soul and mind. * Names of the two smaller gates? Their meaning? The two side gates’ names are Virtue Thành Đức and Talent Đạt Tài. Since the ancient time, they’ve been considered to be the most important qualities of successful students in our education system. 4. The Khue Van Cac Pavilion of Constellation of Literature * When and why was it built? – This pavilion didn’t belong to the Temple’s original architecture. It was built just by the end of 18th century, when King Nguyen carried out the last restoration for this temple before moving the capital to Hue. – There’s also a Temple of Literature in Hue city. It’s much smaller than this one but the architecture and purpose are exactly the same. – Now we use this pavilion as the symbol of Hanoi. You can see it on street signs and Vietnamese notes. * The name’s meaning? How does it represent for the Yin – Yang concept? Khue = Constellation Chòm sao; Van = Literature; Cac = Pavilion. – The pavilion is rich in the complementary symbolism of yin- yang. That’s a two-storey construction the first one is 4 rock pillars, the second one is wooden construction. Four sides of the construction are circle windows with rays heading to all directions, which symbolizes the Shining Constellation of Literature. The Pavilion is a combination of squares and circles, red and gold yellow, wood and rock, etc. – Red is a wealthy color in Eastern Culture, they use Red in a variety of construction, wishing for good luck. * The relationship between this pavilion and the two small gates at the previous section, the ponds and the Well of Heavenly Clarity – In order for the student to pass through the gate to the next level of knowledge, the virtue and talent of the first stage must be joined to excellence in literary expression. -The Well of Heavenly Clarity Thiền Quang Tỉnh is located in the central of the whole systemTemple of Literature, which helps it to collect all supernatural power and quintessence of the Temple. The sunlight, after shining into the well, will be reflected all around, through the circle windows of the Pavilion of Constellation of Literature, then reflected into the four ponds in the garden, creating a light system, and lightening the whole Temple. -Before entering the sacred Temple, people see their reflection in the water of the Well of Heavenly Clarity in order to purify their soul and mind. Examination in the past * Why the exam was important to all students in the old days? – The first, the second, the third courtyard are also refer to three different examinations that students had to take to become a scholar mandarin. – That was the only way for people who wanted to have higher class in society. The 3 – stage examination process could take several years. * How was the exam held? – The first step, was the Regional examination which held every 3 years in several main towns and the successful candidates will receive the title bachelor’s degree. – The second step those who passed the 1st step then came to Hanoi to sit for the second exam called National exam which happened in the next 3-4 years. It was four parts examination. A candidate had to pass each part in sequence in order to qualify to sit for the following part. They have to show their profound knowledge of Confucian books, to write a royal essay, to compose poem in Chinese character and to comment on how to solve problem facing the country. Those who complete all four were conferred the title of doctor and invited to the Royal palace for the Palace examination. – The third step called Palace examination/Royal examination, all new doctors had to answer questions given directly from the king. The king then ranked the doctors in three groups and the top three successful candidates of the highest-ranking group. – The new mandarins then were given a banquet at the palace, award new clothes and a lot of money and sent home to their village in triumphal procession. Later on, they would come back to the capital and work for the royal course as a mandarin. 5. The Steles Garden * When did the 1st stele was built? By whom and why did he built it – These stelae had been built since the 15th century. – That time, we had a very outstanding king and under his leading the Vietnamese royal system reach its peak of development king Le Thanh Tong. -the king paid a lot of attention to promote the country’s education. And according to his opinions, it took so much time and energy for studying and for those who succeeded in both 3 exams money and higher social position may not enough. He agreed that “talent is the life source of a nation, the powerful life source strengthens a country, a declining life source weakens it”. – The king’s idea was to built stelae on which curved the name of all successful students so that their name would last forever in the country’s history. It’s the biggest pride for all of them and their family, and then when their offspring visit this temple, whenever they see their ancestral names, they would be encouraged on studying. * The general content of stele? – Each stele represents a single examination year. – General speaking, their contents are • 1st part contains some nice words toward the king and his royal court that held this exam. • 2nd part tell you about this exam when and where it happened, how difficult it was, the name of all examiners and of this stele composer. • 3rd part records the name and native villages of those awarded doctor degree that year following the ranking position. * Why sometimes you see some destroyed characters on these stelea? – Originally, they are some nice words praising of the king who held this exam. – In the 19th century, when the Nguyen dynasty raised up and took power over the country, the 1st king of this dynasty wanted to erase the former dynasty’s influences. So he ordered his soldiers to rub these nice words out, to bring every local people’s thoughts on the former king away. * How many stelae totally? How many of them left? Why are they different from each other? – According to the history books, there were about 150 stelae in this temple but during the war time, lot of them was destroyed, so today, there’re only 82 undamaged steles with turtles left. The 83rd one now is only the turtle without stele which was discovered in GiamLake. – The content is the same but their size and decoration style are quite different. The reason is they were carved in different period • Group 1 the earliest steles – dating to the 15th century smaller stele with very simple decoration. • Group 2 the 16th century steles are a little bit bigger and were carved a little bit more delicately. • Group 3 the 17th-18th century – the biggest steles, more beautiful designed * Why are they placed on the backs of tortoises? – In our spiritual life, tortoise is one of four sacred animals dragon, phoenix, unicorn and tortoise. – It symbolizes the universe, with the tortoise shell representing the sky and its belly, the earth. Tortoise is also stand for the longevity. The king put steles on the tortoises’ back and wished the national passion for learning and talent can last forever. * Why the tortoises’ head are so smooth? – The steles always represent for successful students. So before every important exam, a lot of Vietnamese students come here and touch the tortoises’ heads and believing that this action can bring them good luck for the coming exam. – The peak season is June – before the University Entrance Exam. It’s the most difficult and important Exam in Vietnam. After finishing the high school, we have to take this exam to go to university and colleague. Vietnamese people always pay their respect to education and even a simple farmer family also have a dream of their children would have chance to upgrade themselves by receiving a better education. – Consequently, the vacuums in universities are always lower than demand. On average, there’s only around 15% of candidates pass this exam. Even nowadays, we open more and more private universities but they’re quite expensive for most of countryside-families. So we still have to fight for higher education. 6. The Main House * Its purpose? – This is the Great House of Ceremonies in the old days, the king and his fellow would make his offering to Confucius. – It is also the place where the new doctors kneel and bow to pay their respects. – In earlier century, no one but the caretaker and the king was allowed to enter the Sanctuary. * Whose statue are placed on these house? – The Sanctuary, with statue of Confucius and his four best students Nhan tử, Trang tử, Tử Tư và Mạnh Tử. After Confucius’s death, these students made a great contribution to develop his theory and to spread it over Asian countries. * Further information about Confucius – his brief biography? – Even Confucius is regarded as the founder of feudalism system. In this temple, he is worshipped as a great teacher who donated his life for promoting education. When he was 54, he and his disciples started to travel from one state to another to learn and teach rites, and to persuade emperors to implement his politics of Governing by ethics. He was considered to be a teacher of ten thousand students throughout the East Asia. – After his death at age 73, his doctrine was spread out by many of his students. * The influence of Confucianism in Vietnam and its decline? – Confucianism was introduced into Vietnam quite early, together with the Chinese domination which lasted for 1000 year before 938. – Since we had our own independence, although we tried our best to keep our authentic culture and lifestyle, the Vietnamese kings did accept a lot of progressive theory from China, they practiced Confucianism to establish the new and young royal course in Vietnam. – Confucianism reached it peak at the 15th century, under the Le dynasty. Education was promoted much more than ever and there were also bigger gaps between people of social positions, and between man and woman in the society as well. – Since 19th century, Confucianism lost its influence in Vietnamese culture and became badly behind Western schools, particularly in technology and the natural sciences. So, at the beginning of the 20th century, Vietnam stopped all Confucian examination but the traditional respect for learning remained. And today we worship Confucius not as the founder of Confucianism but as the great teacher of generations and appreciate his non-stop learning and teaching. 7. Quoc Tu Giam The school for the King’s sons * Who built the school? Who was the first student? How did it become popular for all talented male students? – This school was built in 1076. – It was firstly opened for crown prince then sons of the mandarin chosen by the king. Sometimes later, the school was opened for good male students of the country who had bachelor’s degree from one of the provincial school. – Those who succeeded in the 1st step – Regional exam will carefully prepare for the National exam and Palace exam. Normally, they came to the capital to stay and study with the better teacher to prepare for these examinations. – Most of them joined in this school and spent 2-3 years preparing for the exams. Some of them learnt with other famous teachers around the capital and went to this school to attend some public lectures held twice per month. * How did they move from there hometown to this school? – After successful in the Regional exam, students would move to the capital. But the road condition that time was definitely not easy. They had to walk most of the time, carried with them food enough for long journey, a tent, a bamboo bed and writing materials. Along the way, the students had to face the risk of robbery, tiger attacks, snakebite and many other risks. – If they survived the trip, most candidates chose to stay for some years to study at this NationalUniversity. * How did they live and study in the ancient time? And how long did they stay here? – Students lived and studied in this school for couple of years before the final exams. – Everyday they were waken up early in the morning by a bell and they’ll spend the whole day for studying Confucian classics, philosophy, literature, history and politics. They learnt by heart as well as Vietnamese and Chinese history. They also studied how to compose poetry and prepare documents such as royal edicts, speeches, mandarin’s reports, analyses, and essays. – They might have a small pocket-money from the royal course. * Its damage during the wartime and the restoration project who sponsor? How long did it take? – During the wartime, the school was destroyed totally. – In the year 1996, Vietnamese government had a big project to rebuild this area. It was rebuilt by all ancient techniques of many craftsmen. Actually the craftsmen could not restore the University to its original design because the area was heavily damaged at the beginning of the 19th century, and the original architectural drawings had disappeared. They just tried their best to build in an architectural style what fits with the Temple of Literature. This project finished in the year 2000. 8. Inside the main house last part of temple * Chu Van An Who is he? Why was he famous? Why was he worshiped in the temple? – He lived in the 13th century and became the most famous Confucian teacher in our history. – After earning a doctoral title, he refuse to become a mandarin but setting up his own school at his native village and attracted many students. Hearing his talent, the king invited him back to the capital and appointed him vice director of the National University. – He was not happy in the capital because of its corruption. He persuaded the king to behead 7 corrupt mandarins but the king didn’t agree, so he quickly submitted his resignation and retired. – He back to his native school and again became a famous teachers, a lot of his disciples later worked in the royal court and had the top position. – When he died, the king sent mandarins to attend the funeral and granted him a high royal title and had him honored as a sage in the Temple of Literature thanks to his talent and morality. – The story of Chu Van An’s student who was the son of Water Lord Chu Van An had a special student. People did not know where he came from or where he lived until one day, a person saw him appearing and disappearing in a lake. Noticing this strange thing, Chu Van An then found out that this was the son of Water Lord. In the past, severe time of droughts made people really miserable and poor. Chu Van An was worried for all of these people but could not do anything to help them. He asked the special student if there was any solution. However, rain and shine is not what he could totally decide on, it depended on nature. If the Water Lord’s son does anything to this, he will die. Due to the special respect for his teacher – Chu Van An, despite the hard punishment, the student stole his father’s pen brush, and ink slab, making the sky black, which created a heavy rain, bringing water to the people. The ink slab dropped down making a huge lake. Next morning, people found a serpent’s body near the lake, which was thought to be the Water Lord’s son. Chu Van An was such a great teacher that the son of Water Lord respected and decided to sacrifice his life. * The old model – The model tells you a panoramic view of these temple and school at its peak of development. – They were not very decorative but large, peaceful and sacred. The temple are were still opened twice per year in special occasions and students had to take the side doors. – At the height of its development, the University had become a large institution, comprising 300 classrooms, a large lecture room, and a printing house. It also included a dorm quarter for students from provinces, a lake and several hectares of farmland in the front. The temple management assigned a nearby village to farm the land to raise money for rituals. – In 1996, when they restore this area, they found a lot of vestige related to the daily life of students when they stay and study here. * The new model? Why do we now call this temple one kind of culture centre? – The Temple and the School area are turned into a cultural centre of Hanoi. As a symbol of Vietnamese education, there’re a lot of graduating party held in this area as a special honour for students. – There’s also a lot of festivities happened here especially during the Lunar New Year festival the bonsai market, exchanging Chinese characters and other traditional games like the cock fighting, or human chess the Chinese chess but they replace the chess piece by boys and girls, which is very colorful and attractive. – “Crane standing on the back of tortoise” there’re two common explanations + It came from the local farmers’ memory. In the ancient time, when we didn’t have any dyke system, so every year the Red River Delta had to suffer from a flooded season. When everything was covered by water, the crane had to fly constantly without any stop and getting exhausted. Fortunately, they saw the back of tortoise floating on the water and can step on it for a short break. It might be common scenery of the wet rice cultivated farmers and they reflected this image in the religious architecture. + According to Chinese legends, the crane signifies ever green, the tortoise represents longevity. On the one hand, crane – flying stands for vertical whist tortoise stands for horizontal, so a crane standing on a tortoise’s back reflected the space. This image symbolizes for friendship cuz the tortoise saved the crane’s life Xin cho thêm một vài quan điểm cá nhân như sau 1. Cái tên dịch ra tiếng Anh như thế đã chính xác chưa??? Văn Miếu Thờ Khổng Tử được xây dựng cùng với 2 ngôi miếu khác là Võ Miếu thờ Khương Tử Nha và Y Miếu thờ ba vị thánh sáng lập ngành Đông y là Phục Hi, Thần Nông và Hoàng Đế cùng hai vị thánh y người Việt là Tuệ Tĩnh thời Trần và Lê Hữu Trác thời hậu Lê. Văn Miếu do đó ý chỉ ngôi miếu thờ các vị Thánh của Nho gia, mà Đạo Khổng đâu chỉ có về văn học literature, nên lấy cái tên literature e rằng khiến khách nước ngoài chưa hiểu hết cái ý nghĩa của ngôi miếu này. Nghĩ thời cần tìm một cái tên chính xác cho ngôi miếu này? 2. Đến Văn Miếu-Quốc Tử Giám, kể cả người Việt đôi khi cũng bị nhầm lần rằng đây chỉ là 1 khu, nhưng thực tế là gồm 2 khu riêng biệt. Đằng trước là miếu thờ Khổng Tử, phía sau là trường dành cho con vua chúa và sau này mở rộng ra cho những người có tố chất vào học. 3. Hỏi tại sao ở vườn bia lại chia 2 tấm bia đặt riêng biệt trong 2 ngôi lầu nhỏ ở chính giữa hàng bia? Đáp Là do đó là 2 tấm bia đầu tiên được xây dựng. 4. Vua Lý Nhân Tông xây dựng Quốc Tử Giảm năm 1076, lúc này ông mới có 10 tuổi. Liệu một cậu bé 10 tuổi có nghĩ ra được ý tưởng xây dựng một trường học dành cho con cái quý tộc không. Có ý kiến cho rằng công xây dựng trường học này là của nguyên phi Ỷ Lan và Thái Sư Lý Đạo Thành. 5. Nói qua một chút về cái tên Thăng Long. Ở phần đầu có giải thích bằng truyền thuyết rồng vàng bay lên từ dòng sông, tuy nhiên vẫn còn một cách lý giải khác mà tôi cho rằng hợp lý hơn. Đó là cách đó mấy trăm năm khi Cao Biền được cử sang cai quản đất Thăng Long có đi trấn yểm nhiều nơi hòng triệt long mạch cũng có một số nơi ông trấn yểm để có thể xây thành vững chắc. Ông chốt hạ bằng cách đặt tên cho kinh thành lúc bấy giờ tên là Đại La. Đại La nghĩa là một cái lưới lớn, cái lưới này có lẽ dùng để nhốt, kìm hãm cho con rồng khỏi bay lên, cũng khiến cho nhân tài đất Việt chẳng thể cất cánh. Khi Vua Lý Thái Tổ dời Kinh về đất này mới hiểu được ý nghĩa của cái tên đó nên đổi tên là Thăng Long, ý chỉ con rồng phá lưới bay vút lên trời cao. ý kiến này tôi tham khảo từ tác giả Chitto, một admin trên trang và cũng là người Thầy mà tôi rất kính mến. Khi muốn giới thiệu về nét đặc sắc của Việt Nam, chắc chắn bạn không thể bỏ qua từ vựng về Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám. Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám cũng là một địa điểm thu hút khách du lịch nước ngoài, mỗi ngày đều có lượng khách lớn. Để tự tin hơn khi giao tiếp, giới thiệu với người ngoại quốc, cùng tìm hiểu những mẫu câu dưới đây. 1. Tóm tắt lịch sử hình thành Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám là một địa điểm tham quan nổi tiếng nhất nhì tại đất Hà Thành. Đây là nơi thờ Khổng Tử, cũng là ngôi trường đại học đầu tiên của Việt Nam. Văn Miếu tọa lạc ở địa phận quận Đống Đa, phía nam Kinh thành Thăng Long cũ. Vào mùa thu năm 1070, vua Lý Thánh Tông cho xây dựng Văn Miếu với mục đích thờ phụng các vị hiền triết nổi tiếng trong nho giáo như Khổng Tử, Mạnh Tử, Chu Văn An,… Sau đó, Quốc Tử Giám được xây dựng ngay phía sau văn miếu để cho các hoàng tử, thái tử học tập. Đến năm 1253, vua Trần Thái Tông ban bố lệnh mở rộng Quốc Tử Giám, cho con em bình dân đi học. Từ đó, Quốc Tử Giám trở thành trường đại học đầu tiên tại Việt Nam. Năm 1484, vua Lê Thánh Tông cho xây dựng bia Tiến sĩ tại đây nhằm tôn vinh những sĩ tử đỗ đạt cao trong các kỳ thi. Năm 2010, Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám vinh dự được UNESCO công nhận là di sản tư liệu thế giới. Tóm tắt lịch sử hình thành Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám 2. Từ vựng tiếng Anh về Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám Khi tìm hiểu từ vựng về văn miếu, ta có thể chia ra thành từ vựng chung về Văn Miếu và từ vựng về để chỉ hoạt động. Từ vựng chung Temple of Literature Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám Literature lake Văn Hồ Constellation of Literature pavilion Khuê Văn Các Stelae commanding horsemen to dismount bia Hạ Mã The Great Middle gate đại Trung môn The Great Portico Khu Nhập Đạo Attained Talent gate Đại Thành Môn Accomplished Virtue gate Thành Đức môn Crystallization of Letters gate Cửa Súc Văn The magnificence of Letters gate Cửa Bi Văn Well of Heavenly Clarity Giếng Thiên Quang Stelae of Doctors bia tiến sĩ Back of the turtle mai rùa Sanctuary nơi tôn nghiêm Altar bàn thờ Trần dynasty triều đại nhà Trần Imperial academy học viện hoàng gia National university trường quốc học The Master ông đồ Red paper giấy đỏ Black ink mực Tàu, mực đen Calligraphy pictures Thư pháp. Patience Chữ nhẫn Morality Chữ đức Red envelope Bao lì xì Các hoạt động tại Văn Miếu One for the road ăn uống thêm một chút gì đó trước khi khởi hành. Have/make/cancel a reservation/booking đặt chỗ/hủy đặt chỗ Go sightseeing đi tham quan Off track or off the beaten path lạc đường, đi nhầm đường Pack/unpack your bags/ suitcase được đóng gói/ mở túi xách/va-li Xem thêm các từ vựng về du lịch tại đây 55 TỪ VỰNG VỀ CHỦ ĐỀ DU LỊCH AI CŨNG PHẢI BIẾT - Học tiếng Anh Online Trực tuyến Xem thêm bài viết về từ vựng => BỘ 1500 TỪ TIẾNG ANH THÔNG DỤNG NHẤT THEO CHỦ ĐỀ => TỔNG HỢP 3000 TỪ VỰNG TIẾNG ANH THÔNG DỤNG THEO CHỦ ĐỀ => TOP 1000+ TỪ VỰNG TIẾNG ANH THÔNG DỤNG THEO CHỦ ĐỀ 3. Mẫu câu nói về Văn Miếu Khi giới thiệu về một kiến trúc, bạn có thể giới thiệu về đường đi, những bộ phận của Văn Miếu. Cùng tham khảo những cấu trúc dưới đây. Mẫu câu giới thiệu chung Quoc Tu Giam is the first national university of Viet Nam. Quốc Tử Giám là trường đại học quốc gia đầu tiên của Việt Nam. The Temple of Literature is situated in Dong Da district. Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám nằm ở quận Đống Đa. The Temple of Literature is a place to honor Vietnam’s seniors and scholars. Văn Miếu là nơi tôn vinh những tiến sĩ, học giả của Việt Nam. The entrance fee to the Temple of Literature is 30,000 VND for an adult and 15,000 VND for a child. Giá vé vào cổng Văn Miếu là đồng cho người lớn và đồng với trẻ em. Mẫu câu giới thiệu về kiến trúc Archaeological complexes of Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam seen from the entrance are Van Mieu, Van Ly Truong Thanh, Khue Van Cac, Dai Thanh, and Thai Mieu. Quần thể khảo cổ Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám nhìn từ cổng vào là Văn Miếu, Vạn Lý Trường Thành, Khuê Văn Các, Đại Thành và Thái Miếu. The Temple of Literature architecture is divided into 5 separate zones. Kiến trúc Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám được chia thành 5 khu riêng biệt The central area of ​​the Temple of Literature includes two large works. The outside building is Bai Duong, the inner court is Thuong Cung. Khu trung tâm của Văn Miếu gồm hai công trình lớn. Tòa ngoài là Bái đường, tòa trong là Thượng cung. Dai Thanh gate opens for the area of ​​the main architecture, where to worship Confucius, Manh Tu, Chu Van An,... This is also the teaching place of the old-school supervisors. Cổng Đại Thành mở ra khu vực kiến ​​trúc chính, nơi thờ Khổng Tử, Mạnh Tử, Chu Văn An,... Đây cũng là nơi dạy học của các quản giáo ngày xưa. Mẫu câu nói về Văn Miếu 4. Đoạn hội thoại về Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám A The weather today is so good! Thời tiết hôm nay thật đẹp! B I think we should go somewhere. Tôi nghĩ chúng ta nên đi đâu đó. A Is the Temple of Literature nearby? Có phải ở đây gần Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám không? B Oh, Right! It will take us 10 minutes on foot to get there. Ôi, đúng vậy! Chúng ta sẽ mất 10 phút đi bộ để đến đó. A Let’s go! Cùng đi nào! B Have you been to the Temple of Literature? Bạn đã đến Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám bao giờ chưa? A I’ve heard about this place quite a lot but this is my first time here. Tôi được nghe về nơi này khá nhiều rồi nhưng đây là lần đầu tiên tôi đến đây. B Let’s take a walk around this place! Chúng ta cùng đi dạo một vòng xung quanh nơi này nhé! A OK! 5. Bài văn giới thiệu Văn Miếu bằng tiếng Anh If you have the opportunity to visit Hanoi, you must definitely go to the Temple of Literature. Not as it is the witness of the thousand years of Hanoi capital, Quoc Tu Giam is additionally the school “born” numerous skilled virtuosos for the nation. This is a tourist destination you must visit. The Temple of Literature is located in the center of Hanoi, at 58 Quoc Tu Giam, Ba Dinh district. Tourists traveling to Hanoi one day who want to visit the Temple of Literature can take a taxi or bus, travel time of about 30 minutes. The Temple of Literature is built to teach and worship Confucius and ancient scholars of Confucian scholars. The Temple was built in 1070 under King Ly Thanh Tong, and Today’s Thai study in The Temple of Literature, which is the former Quoc Tu Giam, for the students to study literature. Since the Temple of Literature is a national landmark, guests ought to regard the controls here, not annihilate the scene and artifacts inside the relic. You shouldn't say or do bad actions. Preserve the birth of the relic. Bài văn giới thiệu Văn Miếu bằng tiếng Anh Bản dịch Nếu có dịp đến thăm Hà Nội, bạn nhất định phải đến Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám. Không hổ danh là chứng nhân của thủ đô Hà Nội nghìn năm văn hiến, Quốc Tử Giám còn là ngôi trường “sinh ra” nhiều bậc thầy tài giỏi cho dân tộc. Đây là một địa điểm du lịch bạn nhất định phải tới. Văn Miếu nằm ở trung tâm Hà Nội, số 58 Quốc Tử Giám, quận Ba Đình. Du khách đi du lịch Hà Nội một ngày muốn tham quan Văn Miếu có thể đi taxi hoặc xe khách, thời gian di chuyển khoảng 30 phút. Văn Miếu là công trình được xây dựng để giảng dạy và thờ cúng Khổng Tử và các bậc nho sĩ thời xưa. Văn miếu được xây dựng vào năm 1070 dưới thời vua Lý Thánh Tông, và ngày nay Thái học ở Văn Miếu, vốn là Quốc Tử Giám trước đây để học sinh học văn. Vì Văn Miếu là thắng cảnh quốc gia nên du khách phải coi trọng việc kiểm soát ở đây, không được phá hủy hiện trường và hiện vật bên trong di tích. Bạn không nên nói hoặc làm những hành động xấu. Bảo tồn sự ra đời của khu di tích. Vậy là trên đây, Langmaster đã cùng bạn tìm hiểu một số từ vựng về Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám. Chỉ cần nắm chắc những từ vựng trên, bạn có thể tự tin giao tiếp với nhiều người về Văn Miếu. Để học thêm nhiều kiến thức thú vị khác, cùng tìm hiểu tại đây. Chúc các bạn thành công! The Temple of Literature is frequently referred to as one of Hanoi’s most pleasant vacation spots. Initially worked as a college in 1070 committed to Confucius, researchers and sages, the building is to a great degree all around saved and is a wonderful case of customary style Vietnamese design. This old site offers a pool of literature, the Well of Glorious Clearness, turtle steles, structures, patios and ways that were once utilised by eminence. Visiting the Temple of Literature, you will find noteworthy structures from the Ly and Tran administrations in a respected place that has seen a huge number of specialists’ alumni in what has now turned into a commemoration to instruction and literature. Initially the college just acknowledged privileged people, the tiptop and regal relatives as understudies before in the end opening its ways to more brilliant everyday citizens’. Fruitful alumni had their names engraved on a stone stele, which can be found over the stone turtles. Image Source Given to the Chinese antiquated educator and logician Confucius, Temple of Literature and National College houses the primary college of Vietnam established in the eleventh century. Developed under Ly Thanh Tong administration in the commonplace Vietnamese conventional building style- – from wood and tiles- – the temple highlights five noteworthy courtyards. The temple of literature opening hours are Tuesday – Sunday 830 – 1130 and 1330 – 1630. The temple of literature entrance fee is 10,000 VND around 50 US pennies. Must Read 3 Must Visit Places In Hanoi No One Should Miss On A Solo Trip! How To Reach Temple of Literature? Image Source With the end goal to visit the Temple of Literature in Hanoi, you can take the transports number 02, 03, 41 or passing by bicycle, yet recollect there are a considerable measure of one-route avenues around there, so be cautious with your driving bearings! By taxi Hanoi is most likely one of the least demanding and most secure urban communities in Southeast Asia to go by taxi in, in spite of the fact that there are a couple of potential issues to remember. Cabs are promptly accessible over the city. Except if you’re attempting to go at a bustling time, resembling a lost vacationer will pull in any number of cabs – however on the off chance that it doesn’t work, wave at each taxes until one stops. Mid-top end hotels and shopping centers will by and large have taxis accessible as well, so you could likewise set out toward one of these. Suggested Read 10 Wonderful Places To Visit In Hanoi, A Land Lost In Time! By bus Open transports serving southern goals Ninh Binh, 2 hr, 70,000 dong leave from Giap Bat transport station. To get from the Giap Bat transport station to the old quarter and Hoan Kiem Lake, leave aside all the issue of taxi and motorbike drivers and basically take open Transport 8 towards Đông Mỹ 7,000 dong, pay on the transport. To discover it head towards the principle street inside Giap Bat station, you will see signs with numbers showing the stops of various transport lines. The temple of literature guide is awesome. Best Time To Visit Temple of Literature Image Source Despite the fact that Vietnam has tropical atmosphere sweltering and blustery, Hanoi city encounters 4 seasons Winter November to January, spring February to April, summer May to August, and pre-winter September to October. When you visit amid winter, around November, and it was quite shady, chilly and foggy. It is likewise raining a great deal that time. Spring would be a perfect month to visit because of the mellow climate. Suggested Read 10 Most Romantic Things To Do In Hanoi Where To Stay Near Temple of Literature? Image Source It is anything but difficult to discover a hotel in the encompassing territory. The following are some suggestions Hanoi Daewoo Hotel rooms begin at $139 every night. Hanoi Horison Hotel rooms begin at $154 every night. Melia Hanoi Hotel rooms begin at $175 every night. Moevenpick Hotel rooms begin at $131 every night. Things To Do Near Temple of Literature 1. The Well of Superb Clarity Image Source The third courtyard in the Temple of Literature in Hanoi is known as Thiên Quang Tỉnh, or the Well of Grand Clearness. Strolling underneath the alluring Khue Van structure to enter the third courtyard, the principal thing you’ll likely notice is the vast pool of water at the patio’s middle. A look over the side into the green growth filled water will uncover a group of turtles who have made the Well of Magnificent Clarity their home. The turtle is viewed as Superb in Vietnam and speaks to shrewdness, which appears kind of ideal for a temple of literature, really. Other than the well, the other principle fascination in the third patio is the Stelae of Specialists. In this segment of the courtyard, stone turtles conveying substantial chunks on their backs posting the names of understudies who passed their illustrious exams neglect the Well of Eminent Clearness. At a certain point in time there were 116 stelae, however just 82 remain today, some fit as a fiddle than others. On a portion of the stelae, the Chinese engravings are as yet clear for the individuals who can peruse Chinese, obviously, yet most have been exhausted by climate and time. Suggested Read 10 Homestays In Vietnam That Redefine Affordable Luxury 2. The Place of Ceremonies and Sanctuary Image Source The fourth patio, highlighting the shocking Place of Services and the haven to Confucius, is not an ordinary blend of place of love and gift shops. With its red segments and wood bar roofs from which antique-style lights hang, the Place of Services is effortlessly one of the prettiest sights to see inside the temple complex. From the Place of Ceremonies, we advanced into the haven. Changes have been raised in the sanctuary respecting Confucius, and also other regarded rationalists, and the smell of incense fills the whole space. There is a fifth courtyard inside the temple complex where you can see the statues speaking to the old instructor and his regarded supporters, the 82 stelas remembering prominent researchers, and a little gathering of understudy and mandarin customary regalia. Walk the paths planted with exceptionally old trees and search for a tortoise head. Further Read Top Restaurants In Vietnam That Will Delight Your Palate This intriguing temple and its compound, dedicated to Conscious evokes calmness and curiosity in the minds of the visitors. The spiritual, historical, and ceremonial importance of this place is very evident. If you are impressed by the Temple of Literature and want to further explore this temple on your own, plan a trip to Vietnam ASAP! Looking To Book An International Honeymoon? Book memorable honeymoon on TravelTriangle with 650+ verified travel agents for 65+ domestic and international destinations. Khuê Văn các, một trong những công trình thuộc quần thể di tích Văn Miếu – Quốc Tử Giám. Khuê Văn các được chọn là biểu tượng cho thủ đô Hà Nội. Công trình này được xây dựng từ thời nhà Nguyễn, và cho tới ngày nay thì đây vẫn được coi như biểu tượng của nền Văn chương, khoa cử Việt Nam. Gác Khuê Văn mang nhiều ý nghĩa biểu tượng độc đáo và quan trọng. Trong bài viết này, cùng tìm hiểu về lịch sử và ý nghĩa biểu tượng Khuê Văn các nhé. Đang xem Khuê văn các là gì Lịch sử hình thành Khuê Văn các Năm 1070, vua Lý Thánh Tông cho xây dựng Văn Miếu. Đến năm 1076, vua Lý Nhân Tông cho xây dựng trường Quốc Tử Giám bên cạnh Văn Miếu, trường đại học đầu tiên của Việt Nam. Đến triều Hậu Lê, Nho giáo thịnh hành, vua Lê Thánh Tông cho dựng bia những người đỗ tiến sĩ thừ khóa 1442 trở đi. Đến thời nhà Nguyễn, Quốc Tử Giám được lập tại Huế. Năm 1802, vua Gia Long gọi đâylà Văn Miếu – Thăng Long. Tổng trấn Bắc thành Nguyễn Văn Thành cho xây thêm Khuê Văn Các bên cạnh giếng vuông vào năm 1805. Còn Quốc Tử Giám thì đổi thành học đường của phủ Hoài Đức và sau đó tại khu vực này xây thêm đền Khải thánh để thờ cha mẹ Khổng năm 1947, thực dân Pháp nã đạn đại bác làm đổ sập khu nhà, chỉ còn cái nền với hai cột đá và 4 nghiên đá. Ngày nay toàn bộ khu Thái Học được xây dựng với diện tích 1530m² trên tổng diện tích 6150m². Bao gồm các công trình kiến trúc chính là Tiền đường, Hậu đường, Tả vu, Hữu vu, nhà chuông, nhà trống được mô phỏng theo kiến trúc truyền thống trên nền đất xưa của Quốc Tử kỳ họp thứ 4 Quốc hội khóa XIII ngày Khuê Văn Các tại Văn Miếu- Quốc Tử Giám đã được chọn làm biểu tượng của Thủ đô Thăng Long- Hà Nội nghìn năm Văn hiến. Xem thêm Kem Hấp Dầu Dưỡng Tóc Của Nhật Giúp Dưỡng Ẩm Và Bảo Vệ Tóc, Những Sản Phẩm Dưỡng Tóc Tốt Nhất Của Nhật Khuê Văn các là nơi các thi sĩ xưatụ tập bàn luận thi ca, văn chương Ý nghĩa phong thủy Nhìn về mặt phong thủy, Khuê Văn các thường được nhắc cùng Thiên Quang tỉnh giếng Thiên Quang. Thiên Quang có nghĩa là Ánh sáng của bầu trời. Giếng thu nhận tất cả tinh túy của trời đất, soi bóng gác Khuê Văn. Giếng Thiên Quan có hình vuông, tượng trưng cho đất, thuộc về yếu tố Âm. Cửa Khuê Văn có hình tròn, tượng trưng cho bầu trời, thuộc về phần Dương. Như vậy, tất cả hòa hợp với nhau, hội tụ tinh hoa Đất và Trời. Thời xưa, các danh sĩ thường tập trung tại gác để bàn luận về thi văn, có lẽ một phần cũng là mong muốn nhận được những tinh hoa của đất trời hội tụ, soi sáng cho con đường văn học khoa nói về tên Khuê Văn các, nhà Tống Trung Hoa có một Khuê Văn các tại tỉnh Sơn Đông. Không tránh được khả năng đây là lí do mà Tổng trấn Bắc thành đặt tên dựa theo nguyên mẫu này. Ngoài hai chữ “Khuê Văn”, “các” là một từ chỉ lầu trên cao, nghĩa gần giống với “lâu”, nhưng trang trọng hơn. Các thường đi cùng với “Đài”, Đài các thường để chỉ chức quan Thượng thư, người đứng đầu Lục bộ. Ngày nay, một số Quốc gia vẫn dùng từ “Nội các” để chỉ một bộ phận quan trọng trong chính quyền. Đặt tên là Khuê Văn các, cũng là một hàm ý chỉ nơi tụ tập của những người tài hoa. Là thể hiện mong muốn đất nước có thật nhiều nhân tài, xây dựng đất nước vững Văn các là một kiến trúc nằm trong cụm công trình Cửa Bí văn và Cửa Súc văn. Cửa Bí văn kết thúc con đường lát gạch nhỏ chạy từ cửa Thánh Dực bên trái, có nghĩa là vẻ đẹp rực rỡ. Ý nói văn chương trau chuốt, có sức truyền cảm, thuyết phục con người. Cửa Súc văn kết thúc con đường lát gạch nhỏ chạy từ cửa Đạt Tài bên phải, có nghĩa là văn chương hàm súc, phong phú, có khả năng nuôi dưỡng vẻ đẹp tâm hồn. Hai cửa này cùng với Khuê văn các đồng thời mở đầu cho khu vực thứ ba của quần thể kiến trúc Văn Miếu – Quốc Tử giám khu vực giếng Thiên Quang và Vườn Bia Tiến sĩ thời Lê – Mạc. Nhìn vào tổng thể cả khuôn viên, ta mới thấy kiến trúc mang nhiều ý nghĩa. Những sĩ tử xưa, bắt bầu nuôi dưỡng con đường văn chuông, thể hiện tài năng của mình, sau đó hội tụ tại nơi tập trung tinh hoa của trời đất, rồi công thành danh toại, đề tên Bảng vàng. Những người đỗ Tiến sĩ, sau này sẽ được vinh danh bằng một tấm bia đế rùa trong Vườn bia, lưu truyền ngàn đời. Xem thêm Dịch Vụ Sms Banking Agribank Và Cách Đăng Ký Sms Banking Agribank Mô hình, quà lưu niệm Khuê Văn Các bằng đồng Ngày nay, Khuê Văn các nói riêng và quần thể Văn Miếu – Quốc Tử Giám nói chung vẫn luôn là trung tâm văn hóa, lịch sử của dân tộc, là biểu tượng cho Thăng Long-Hà Nội. Ngoài ra, tại các quần hàng lưu niệm, ta sẽ thấy những mô hình Văn Miếu, mô hình Khuê Văn các thu nhỏ là quà tặng hay đồ phông thủy. Mô hình Khuê Văn các, gần như mô phỏng chính xác tới trên 90% nguyên mẫu. Đây là vật phẩm phong thủy tốt cho những người đang học hành, thi cử hay người có địa vị. Giống như các bậc hiền triết xưa, chúng ta gửi mong muốn được công thành danh toại, mọi sự thuận lợi, trí tuệ mở mang. Hoặc, đây cung là quà tặng cho bạn bè, đối tác, nuớc nước ngoài. Khi nhìn vào mô hình, chúng ta sẽ biết được, đây là biểu tượng cho một nền văn hóa ttinh hoa của Việt Nam, thể hiện truyền thống Hiếu học, coi trọng nhân tài từ thời xưa. Cũng là cách mà ta quảng bá hình ảnh đẹp của Việt Nam tới bạn bề thế giới. Mô hình Khuê Văn các bằng đồng mạ vàng thích hợp để trưng bày hoặc làm quà tặng

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